Which adult female cockroach is large, dark brown to black, and lacks fully developed wings?

The Oriental cockroach is characterized by its large, dark brown to black coloration, and one of its most distinctive traits is the absence of fully developed wings. While it may have some wing-like structures, these are not functional for flight. This lack of fully developed wings, combined with its size and color, makes the Oriental cockroach easily distinguishable from other common cockroach species.

In contrast, the German cockroach and the American cockroach both possess fully developed wings, and the brown-banded cockroach is generally smaller with distinctive light brown bands across its back. These characteristics differentiate the Oriental cockroach from the other three options, confirming it as the correct answer based on its unique attributes.